\input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-

@setfilename aspell-dev.info
@settitle Aspell Developer's Manual
@setchapternewpage off
@syncodeindex pg cp
@documentencoding UTF-8
@documentdescription
Aspell spell checker developer's manual.
@end documentdescription

@copying
This is the developer's manual for Aspell.

Copyright @copyright{} 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 Kevin Atkinson.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts.  A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
@end quotation
@end copying

@dircategory GNU Packages
@direntry
* Aspell-dev: (aspell-dev).        For Aspell developers
@end direntry

@titlepage
@title Aspell Developer's Manual
@author Kevin Atkinson (@email{kevina@@gnu.org})
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@contents

@ifnottex
@node Top, Style Guidelines, (dir), (dir)
@top Notes
This manual is designed for those who wish to develop Aspell.  It is
currently very sketchy.  However, it should improve over time.

@menu
* Style Guidelines::            
* How to Submit a Patch::       
* C++ Standard Library::        
* Templates::                   
* Error Handling::              
* Source Code Layout::         
* Strings::                     
* Smart Pointers::              
* I/O::                         
* Config Class::                
* Filter Interface::            
* Filter Modes::            
* Data Structures::             
* Mk-Src Script::               
* How It All Works::
* Copying::
@end menu

@end ifnottex

@node Style Guidelines, How to Submit a Patch, Top, Top
@chapter Style Guidelines

* Style Guidelines::            
* How to Submit a Patch::            
* C++ Standard Library::        
* Templates::                   
* Error Handling::              
* Source Code Layout::         
* Strings::
* Smart Pointers::              
* I/O::                         
* Config Class::                
* Filter Interface::            
* Filter Modes::            
* Data Structures::             
* Mk-Src Script::               
* How It All Works::
* Copying::

As far as coding styles go I am really not that picky.  The important
thing is to stay consistent.  However, please whatever you do, do not
indent with more than 4 characters as I find indenting with more than
that extremely difficult to read as most of the code ends up on the
right side of the screen.

@node How to Submit a Patch, C++ Standard Library, Style Guidelines, Top
@chapter How to Submit a Patch

Bug reports and patches should be submitted via GitHub Issues
at @uref{https://github.com/GNUAspell/aspell/issues} rather than
being posted to any of the mailing lists.

The mailing lists are good if you need to check something out or need
help or feedback from other readers, but they are not the best place to
submit bugs or patches because they will likely get forgotten or lost
within the mailing list traffic if not acted upon immediately.

Please make the effort to use the tracker.

@node C++ Standard Library, Templates, How to Submit a Patch, Top
@chapter C++ Standard Library

The C++ Standard library is not used directly except under very
specific circumstances.  The string class and the STL are used
indirectly through wrapper classes and all I/O is done using the
standard C library with light right helper classes to make using C I/O
a bit more C++ like.

However the @code{new}, @code{new[]}, @code{delete} and
@code{delete[]} operators are used to allocate memory when
appropriate.

@node Templates, Error Handling, C++ Standard Library, Top
@chapter Templates

Templates are used in Aspell when there is a clear advantage to doing
so.  Whenever you use templates please use them carefully and try very
hard not to create code bloat by generating a lot of unnecessary and
duplicate code.

@node Error Handling, Source Code Layout , Templates, Top
@chapter Error Handling

Exceptions are not used in Aspell as I find them more trouble than
they are worth.  Instead an alternate method of error handling is used
which is based around the PosibErr class.  PosibErr is a special Error
handling device that will make sure that an error is properly handled.
It is defined in @code{posib_err.hpp}.  PosibErr is expected to be
used as the return type of the function. It will automatically be
converted to the "normal" return type however if the normal returned
type is accessed and there is an "unhandled" error condition it will
abort. It will also abort if the object is destroyed with an
"unhandled" error condition.  This includes ignoring the return type
of a function returning an error condition.  An error condition is
handled by simply checking for the presence of an error, calling
ignore, or taking ownership of the error.

The PosibErr class is used extensively throughout Aspell.  Please
refer to the Aspell source for examples of using PosibErr until better
documentation is written.

@node Source Code Layout, Strings, Error Handling, Top
@chapter Source Code Layout 

@table @file
@item common/
 Common code used by all parts of Aspell.

@item lib/
 Library code used only by the actual Aspell library.

@item data/
 Data files used by Aspell.

@item modules/
 Aspell modules which are eventually meant to be pluggable.

@table @file
  @item speller/ 
  @table @file
    @item default/
      Main speller Module.
  @end table

  @item filter/ 

  @item tokenizer/
@end table

@item auto/
Scripts and data files to automatically generate code used by Aspell.

@item interface/
Header files and such that external programs should use when in order
to use the Aspell library.
@table @file

@item cc/
The external C interface that programs should be using when they wish
to use Aspell.
@end table

@item prog/
Actual programs based on the Aspell library. The main Aspell utility
is included here.

@item scripts/
Miscellaneous scripts used by Aspell.

@item manual/

@item examples/
Example programs demonstrating the use of the Aspell library.
@end table


@node  Strings, Smart Pointers, Source Code Layout, Top
@chapter Strings

@section String

The @code{String} class provided the same functionality of the C++
string except for fewer constructors.  It also inherits @code{OStream}
so that you can write to it with the @code{<<} operator.  It is
defined in @code{string.hpp}.

@section ParmString

ParmString is a special string class that is designed to be used as a
parameter for a function that is expecting a string.  It is defined in
@code{parm_string.hpp}.  It will allow either a @code{const char *} or
@code{String} class to be passed in.  It will automatically convert to
a @code{const char *}.  The string can also be accessed via the
@code{str} method.  Usage example:
@verbatim
void foo(ParmString s1, ParmString s2) {
   const char * str0 = s1;
   unsigned int size0 = s2.size()
   if (s1 == s2 || s2 == "bar") {
     ...
   }
}
...
String s1 = "...";
foo(s1);
const char * s2 = "...";
foo(s2);
@end verbatim

This class should be used when a string is being passed in as a
parameter.  It is faster than using @code{const String &} (as that
will create an unnecessary temporary when a @code{const char *} is
passed in), and is less annoying than using @code{const char *} (as it
doesn't require the @code{c_str()} method to be used when a
@code{String} is passed in).

@section CharVector

A character vector is basically a @code{Vector<char>} but it has a few
additional methods for dealing with strings which @code{Vector} does
not provide.  It, like @code{String}, is also inherits @code{OStream}
so that you can write to it with the @code{<<} operator.  It is
defined in @code{char_vector.hpp}.  Use it when ever you need a string
which is guaranteed to be in a continuous block of memory which you
can write to.

@node Smart Pointers, I/O, Strings, Top
@chapter Smart Pointers

Smart pointers are used extensively in Aspell to
simplify memory management tasks and to avoid memory leaks. 

@section CopyPtr

The @code{CopyPtr} class makes a deep copy of an object whenever it is
copied.  The @code{CopyPtr} class is defined in @file{copy_ptr.hpp}.
This header should be included wherever @code{CopyPtr} is used.  The
complete definition of the object @code{CopyPtr} is pointing to does
not need to be defined at this point.  The implementation is defined
in @file{copy_ptr-t.hpp}.  The implementation header file should be
included at a point in your code where the class @code{CopyPtr} is
pointing to is completely defined.

@section ClonePtr

@code{ClonePtr} is like copy pointer except the @code{clone()} method
is used instead of the copy constructor to make copies of an object.
If is defined in @file{clone_ptr.hpp} and implemented in
@file{clone_ptr-t.hpp}.

@section StackPtr

A @code{StackPtr} is designed to be used whenever the only pointer to
a new object allocated with @command{new} is on the stack.  It is
similar to the standard C++ @code{auto_ptr} but the semantics are a
bit different.  It is defined in @file{stack_ptr.hpp} --- unlike
@code{CopyPtr} or @code{ClonePtr} it is defined and implemented in
this header file.

@section GenericCopyPtr

A generalized version of @code{CopyPtr} and @code{ClonePtr} which the
two are based on.  It is defined in @file{generic_copy_ptr.hpp} and
implemented in @file{generic_copy_ptr-t.hpp}.

@node I/O, Config Class, Smart Pointers, Top
@chapter I/O

Aspell does not use C++ I/O classes and functions in any way since
they do not provide a way to get at the underlying file number and can
often be slower than the highly tuned C I/O functions found in the
standard C library.  However, some lightweight wrapper classes are
provided so that standard C I/O can be used in a more C++ like way.

@section IStream/OStream

These two base classes mimic some of the functionally of the C++
functionally of the corresponding classes.  They are defined in
@file{istream.hpp} and @file{ostream.hpp} respectively.  They are
however based on standard C I/O and are not proper C++ streams.

@section FStream

Defined in @file{fstream.hpp}.


@section Standard Streams

@code{CIN}/@code{COUT}/@code{CERR}.  Defined in @file{iostream.hpp}.

@node Config Class, Filter Interface, I/O, Top
@chapter Config Class

The @code{Config} class is used to hold configuration information.  It
has a set of keys which it will accept.  Inserting or even trying to
look at a key that it does not know will produce an error.  It is
defined in @file{common/config.hpp}.


@node Filter Interface, Filter Modes, Config Class, Top
@chapter Filter Interface

@section Overview
@anchor{Filter Overview}

In Aspell there are 5 types of filters:
@enumerate
@item
@emph{Decoders} which take input in some standard format such as
iso8859-1 or UTF-8 and convert it into a string of @code{FilterChars}.
@item
@emph{Decoding filters} which manipulate a string of
@code{FilterChars} by decoding the text is some way such as converting
an SGML character into its Unicode value.
@item
@emph{True filters} which manipulate a string of @code{FilterChars} to
make it more suitable for spell checking.  These filters generally
blank out text which should not be spell checked
@item
@emph{Encoding filters} which manipulate a string of
@code{FilterChars} by encoding the text in some way such as converting
certain Unicode characters to SGML characters.
@item
@emph{Encoders} which take a string of @code{FilterChars} and convert
into a standard format such as iso8859-1 or UTF-8
@end enumerate

Which types of filters are used depends on the situation
@enumerate
@item
When @emph{decoding words} for spell checking:
@itemize @bullet
@item
The @emph{decoder} to convert from a standard format
@item
The @emph{decoding filter} to perform high level decoding if necessary
@item
The @emph{encoder} to convert into an internal format used by the
speller module
@end itemize

@item
When @emph{checking a document}
@itemize @bullet
@item
The @emph{decoder} to convert from a standard format
@item
The @emph{decoding filter} to perform high level decoding if necessary
@item
A @emph{true filter} to filter out parts of the document which should
not be spell checked
@item
The @emph{encoder} to convert into an internal format used by the
speller module
@end itemize

@item
When @emph{encoding words} such as those returned for suggestions:
@itemize @bullet
@item
The @emph{decoder} to convert from the internal format used by the
speller module
@item
The @emph{encoding filter} to perform high level encodings if
necessary
@item
The @emph{encoder} to convert into a standard format
@end itemize
@end enumerate


A @code{FilterChar} is a struct defined in
@file{common/filter_char.hpp} which contains two members, a character,
and a width.  Its purpose is to keep track of the width of the
character in the original format.  This is important because when a
misspelled word is found the exact location of the word needs to be
returned to the application so that it can highlight it for the user.
For example if the filters translated this:
@verbatim
Mr. foo said &quot;I hate my namme&quot;.
@end verbatim

to this
@verbatim
Mr. foo said "I hate my namme".
@end verbatim

without keeping track of the original width of the characters the application
 will likely highlight 
@code{e my }
 as the misspelling because the spell checker will return 25 as the offset
 instead of 30.
 However with keeping track of the width using @code{FilterChar} the
 spell checker 
 will know that the real position is 30 since the quote is really 6 characters
 wide.
 In particular the text will be annotated something like the following:
@verbatim
1111111111111611111111111111161
Mr. foo said "I hate my namme".
@end verbatim

The standard @emph{encoder} and @emph{decoder} filters are defined in
@file{common/convert.cpp}.  There should generally not be any need to
deal with them so they will not be discussed here.  The other three
filters, the @emph{encoding filter}, the @emph{true filter}, and the
@emph{decoding filter}, are all defined the exact same way; they are
inherited from the @code{IndividualFilter} class.

@section Adding a New Filter

A new filter basically is added by placing the corresponding loadable
object inside a directory reachable by Aspell via @option{filter-path}
list.  Further it is necessary that the corresponding filter
description file is located in one of the directories listed by the
@option{option-path} list.

The name of the loadable object has to conform to the following
convention @file{lib@i{filtername}-filter.so} where
@code{@i{filtername}} stands for the name of the filter which is
passed to Aspell by the @option{add-filter} option.  The same applies
to the filter description file which has to conform to the following
naming scheme: @file{@i{filtername}-filter.opt}.

To add a new loadable filter object create a new file.

Basically the file should be a C++ file and end in @file{.cpp}.  The
file should contain a new filter class inherited from
@code{IndividualFilter} and a constructor function called
@file{new_@i{filtertype}} (see @ref{Constructor Function}) returning a
new filter object.  Further it is necessary to manually generate the
filter description file.  Finally the resulting object has to be
turned into a loadable filter object using libtool.

Alternatively a new filter may extend the functionality of an existing
filter. In this case the new filter has to be derived form the 
corresponding valid filter class instead of the @code{IndividualFilter}
class.

@section IndividualFilter class

All filters are required to inherit from the @code{IndividualFilter}
class found in @file{indiv_filter.hpp}.  See that file for more
details and the other filter modules for examples of how it is used.

@section Constructor Function
@anchor{Constructor Function}

After the class is created a function must be created which will
return a new filter allocated with @code{new}.  The function must have
the following prototype:
@example
C_EXPORT IndividualFilter * new_aspell_@var{filtername}_@var{filtertype}
@end example

Filters are defined in groups where each group contains an
@emph{encoding filter}, a @emph{true filter}, and a @emph{decoding
filter} (see @ref{Filter Overview}).  Only one of them is required to
be defined, however they all need a separate constructor function.

@section Filter Description File
@anchor{Filter Description File}

This file contains the description of a filter which is loaded by
Aspell immediately when the @option{add-filter} option is invoked.  If
this file is missing Aspell will complain about it.  It consists of
lines containing comments which must be started by a @kbd{#}
character and lines containing key value pairs describing the filter.
Each file at least has to contain the following two lines in the given
order.
 
@example
ASPELL >=0.60
DESCRIPTION this is short filter description
@end example

The first non blank, non comment line has to contain the keyword
@code{ASPELL} followed by the version of Aspell which the filter is
usable with.  To denote multiple Aspell versions the version number may
be prefixed by `@kbd{<}', `@kbd{<=}', `@kbd{=}', `@kbd{>=}' or `@kbd{>}.
If the range prefix is omitted `@kbd{=}' is assumed.  The
@code{DESCRIPTION} of the filter should be under 50, begin in lower
case, and note include any trailing punctuation characters.
The keyword @code{DESCRIPTION} may be abbreviated by @code{DESC}.

For each filter feature (see @ref{Filter Overview}) provided by the
corresponding loadable object, the option file has to contain the
following line:
@example
STATIC @code{@i{filtertype}}
@end example
@code{@i{filtertype}} stands for one of @code{decoder}, @code{filter}
or @code{encoder} denoting the entire filter type.  This line allows
to statically (see @ref{Link Filters Static}) link the filter into
Aspell if requested by the user or by the system Aspell is built for.

@example
OPTION newoption
DESCRIPTION this is a short description of newoption
TYPE bool
DEFAULT false
ENDOPTION
@end example

An option is added by a line containing the keyword @code{OPTION}
followed by the name of the option.  If this name is not prefixed by
the name of the filter Aspell will implicitly do that.  For the
@code{DESCRIPTION} of a filter option the same holds as for the filter
description.  The @code{TYPE} of the option may be one of @code{bool},
@code{int}, @code{string} or @code{list}.  If the @code{TYPE} is
omitted @code{bool} is assumed.  The default value(s) for an option is
specified via @code{DEFAULT} (short @code{DEF}) followed by the
desired @code{TYPE} dependent default value.  The table @ref{Filter
Default Values} shows the possible values for each @code{TYPE}.

@anchor{Filter Default Values}
@multitable {string} {Default} {any comma separated list of strings}
@item @b{Type} @tab @b{Default} @tab @b{Available}
@item bool @tab true    @tab true false
@item int  @tab 0       @tab any number value
@item string @tab       @tab any printable string
@item list   @tab       @tab any comma separated list of strings 
@end multitable

Table 1. Shows the default values Aspell assumes if option
@option{description} lacks a @code{DEFAULT} or @code{DEF} line.

The @code{ENDOPTION} line may be omitted as it is assumed implicitly
if a line containing @code{OPTION}, @code{STATIC}.

@quotation
@strong{Note@:} The keywords in a filter description file are case
insensitive.  The above examples use the all uppercase for better
distinguishing them from values and comments.  Further a filter
description may contain blank lines to enhance their readability.
@end quotation

@quotation
@strong{Note@:} An option of @code{list} type may contain multiple
consecutive lines for default values starting with @code{DEFAULT} or
@code{DEF}, to specify numerous default values.
@end quotation


@section Retrieve Options by a Filter

An option always has to be retrieved by a filter using its full
qualified name as the following example shows.
 

@example
config->retrieve_bool("filter-@i{filtername}-newoption"); 
@end example

The prefix @code{filter-} allows user to relate option uniquely to the
specific filter when @code{@i{filtername}-newoption} ambiguous an
existing option of Aspell.  The @code{@i{filtername}} stands for the
name of the filter the option belongs to and @code{-@i{newoption}} is
the name of the option as specified in the corresponding @file{.opt}
file (see @ref{Filter Description File}


@section Compiling and Linking

See a good book on Unix programming on how to turn the filter source
into a loadable object.


@section Programmer's Interface
@anchor{Programmer's Interface}


@anchor{Recommended Standard Aspell} A more convenient way
recommended, if filter is added to Aspell standard distribution to
build a new filter is provided by Aspell's programmers interface for
filter.  It is provided by the @file{loadable-filter-API.hpp} file.
Including this file gives access to a collection of macros hiding
nasty details about runtime construction of a filter and about filter
debugging.  Table @ref{Interface Macros} shows the macros provided by
the interface.  For details upon the entire macros see
@file{loadable-filter-API.hpp}.  An example on how to use these macros
can be found at @file{examples/loadable/ccpp-context.hpp} and
@file{examples/loadable/ccpp-context.cpp}.

@multitable @columnfractions .25 .06 .34 .34
@item @b{Macro} @tab @b{Type} @tab @b{Description} @tab @b{Notes}
@item ACTIVATE_ENCODER @tab M @tab makes the entire encoding
filter callable by Aspell @tab do not call inside class declaration;
these macros define new_<filtertype> function; 
@item ACTIVATE_DECODER @tab M @tab makes the entire decoding
filter callable by Aspell @tab @emph{as above}
@item ACTIVATE_FILTER @tab M @tab makes the entire filter
callable by Aspell @tab @emph{as above} 
@item FDEBUGOPEN @tab D @tab Initialises the macros for debugging a
filter and opens the debug file stream @tab These macros are only
active if the @code{FILTER_PROGRESS_CONTROL} macro is defined and
denotes the name of the file debug messages should be sent to.

If debugging should go to Aspell standard debugging output (right now
stderr) use empty string constant as filename
@item FDEBUGNOTOPEN @tab D @tab Same as ``FDEBUGOPEN'' but
only if debug file stream was not opened yet @tab @emph{as above}
@item FDEBUGCLOSE @tab D @tab closes the debugging device opened by ``FDEBUGOPEN'' and reverts it to ``stderr''; @tab @emph{as above}
@item FDEBUG @tab D @tab prints the filename and the line
number it occurs @tab @emph{as above}
@item FDEBUGPRINTF @tab D @tab special printf for debugging
@tab @emph{as above} 
@end multitable

Table 2. Shows the macros provided by @file{loadable-filter-API.hpp}
(@strong{M} mandatory, @strong{D} debugging) @anchor{Interface Macros}


@section Adding a filter to Aspell standard distribution
@anchor{Link Filters Static}

Any filter which one day should be added to Aspell has to be built
using the developer interface, described in @ref{Programmer's
Interface}.  To add the filter the following steps have to be
performed:

@enumerate
@item
Decide whether the filter should be kept loadable if possible, or
always be statically linked to Aspell.

@item
@anchor{Place Sources} Place the filter sources inside the entire
directory of Aspell source tree.  Right now use
@code{@i{$top_srcdir}/modules/filter}.
 
@item
Modify the @file{Makefile.am} file on the topmost directory of the
Aspell distribution.  Follow the instructions given by the
@code{#Filter Modules} section.
 
@item
Run @file{autoconf}, @file{automake}, @dots{}

@item
Reconfigure sources.
 
@item
@anchor{Build Sources} Clear away any remains of a previous build and
rebuild sources.
 
@item
@anchor{Reinstall Aspell} Reinstall Aspell.
 
@item
@anchor{Test Filter Installed} Test if filter has been added properly
otherwise return to steps 2--7
@c Doesn't work@ref{Place Sources}-@ref{Reinstall Aspell}.
 
@item
Reconfigure sources with @option{enable-static} flag and repeat steps
2--7
@c Doesn't work @ref{Build Sources}-@ref{Test Filter Installed}
until your filter builds and runs properly in case of static linkage.
 
@item
Add your source files to cvs, and commit all your changes.  Or in case
you are not allowed to commit to cvs submit a patch (see @ref{How to
Submit a Patch}) containing your changes.

@end enumerate
@c Following this comes the section ``Filter Modes''
@node Filter Modes, Data Structures,Filter Interface, Top
@chapter Filter Modes

Filter modes are the preferred way to specify combinations of
filters which are used regularly and thus abbreviate Aspell's
command line arguments.

A new filter mode is specified by a file named like the filter
new mode and prefixed by @file{.amf} (Aspell Mode File). If such a file
is accessible by the path set via filter-path option Aspell
will try to load the contained mode specification.

@section Aspell Mode File
The first key in the made file has be the @code{mode} key.
It is checked against the mode name part of the .amf file.
If the @code{mode} key is missing mode file will be rejected.

The same holds for the @code{aspell} key which specifies the
version(s) of Aspell which is(are) required by the filter.

If these two keys are followed by at least one @code{magic} key
Aspell will be able to select the entire mode from extension and
if required from contents of the file to spell implicitly.

The last key of the required keys is the @code{des[c[ription]]}
key. It gives a short description of the filter mode which will
displayed when type @command{aspell help}.

The rest of the file consists of the keys @code{filter} and
@code{option} to load filters are set various options.

@subsection Version Line

Each version line must start with @code{aspell} and be followed by a
version, optionally prefixed by a relational operator. The relation
operator can be one of `<', `<=', `=', `>=' or '>' for allowing Aspell
version with version number being lower, lower or equal, equal to,
greater or equal or greater than required version number,
respectfully. If the relation operator is omitted `=' is assumed.

@subsection Magic Line

The magic line contains a description which requirements files
have to fulfill in order to implicitly activate the entire mode
at least one such line is required.  Each magic line has the following
format:
@example
MAGIC /<magic key>/<fileextension>[/<fileextension>]
@end example

The magic key consist of three `:' separated fields.
The first two are byte counts the last is a regular expression.
The first byte count indicates the first byte the regular expression
will be applied to the second byte count indicates the number of
bytes to test against the regular expression.

If mode selection should only occurred on basis of the listed file
extensions the magic key should consist of the ``<noregex>'' special
string.

At least one <fileextension> is required per MAGIC line.
<fileextension> may not be empty and should not contain a leading `.'
as this is assumed implicitly.

Multiple MAGIC lines are allowed. Modes may be extended limited by additional
<label>.amf files located in --filter-path
Thus file extensions may be prefixed by `+' or `-' to indicate that
the entire extension has to be added ore removed from this <magic key>
if neither is specified than a `+' is assumed implicitly.

@subsection Description Line

The required description line will be printed when typing
@command{aspell help}.  Keep it as short as possible.  Possible
abbreviations are @code{des} and @code{desc}.

@subsection Filter and Option Lines

The @code{filter} and @code{option} keys load filters and set filter
options.

The value of the @code{filter} key is equal to the value of Aspell's
@code{[add|rem]-filter} option. 

Each @code{option} line has the following format:

@example
  OPTION <option> [<value>]
@end example

The format of the <option> and <value> is the same format as 
found in the Aspell configuration file.

@c Following this comes the section ``Data Structures''


@c -*- end of new text -*-
@c The section ``Config Options'' was here

@node Data Structures, Mk-Src Script, Filter Modes, Top
@chapter Data Structures

Whenever possible you should try to use one of the data structures
available.  If the data structures do not provide enough functionality
for your needs you should consider enhancing them rather than writing
something from scratch.

@section Vector

The @code{vector} class is defined in @file{vector.hpp} and works the
same way as the standard STL @code{vector} does except that it doesn't
have as many constructors.

@section BasicList

@code{BasicList} is a simple list structure which can either be
implemented as a singly or doubly linked list.  It is defined in
@file{basic_list.hpp}.

@section StringMap

@code{StringMap} is an associative array for strings.  You should try
to use this when ever possible to avoid code bloat.  It is defined in
@file{string_map.hpp}.


@section Hash Tables

Several hash tables are provided when @code{StringMap} is not
appropriate.  These hash tables provide a @code{hash_set},
@code{hash_multiset}, @code{hash_map} and @code{hash_multimap} which
are very similar to SGI's STL implementation with a few exceptions.
It is defined in @file{hash.hpp}.


@section BlockSList

@code{BlockSList} provided a pool of nodes which can be used for
singly linked lists.  It is defined in @file{block_slist.hpp}.

@node Mk-Src Script, How It All Works, Data Structures, Top
@chapter Mk-Src Script

A good deal of interface code is automatically generated by the
@file{mk-src.pl} Perl script.  I am doing it this way to avoid having
to write a lot of relative code for the C++ interface.  This should
also make adding interface for other languages a lot less tedious and
will allow the interface to automatically take advantage of new Aspell
functionality as it is made available.  The @file{mk-src.pl} script
uses @file{mk-src.in} as its input.

@include mksrc.texi

@node How It All Works, Part 1 - Compiled Dictionary Format, Mk-Src Script, Top
@chapter How It All Works

The details of how Aspell really works is a mystery to most users who
want to participate in developing and improving Aspell, so it is best
to fully explain Aspell's core algorithms and data structures to you.

In explaining these, it is hoped to bring prospective developers up to
speed more quickly and also help you understand the amount of thought
put into this.  In time, you may be able to improve Aspell even more.

There are many details to explain here, so these will need explaining
in small segments.

@menu
* Part 1 - Compiled Dictionary Format::
* Part 2 - Quickly Finding Similar Soundslike::
* Part 3::
@end menu

@node Part 1 - Compiled Dictionary Format, Part 2 - Quickly Finding Similar Soundslike, How It All Works, How It All Works
@section Part 1 - The Compiled Dictionary Format

In this part you will see how the data is laid out in the compiled
dictionary for Aspell 0.60.  See source file @file{readonly_ws.cpp}.

Aspell's main compiled wordlist dictionary file is made as follows:

@itemize
@item header
@item jump table for editdist 1
@item jump table for editdist 2
@item data block
@item hash table
@end itemize

There is nothing particularly interesting about the header.  Just a
bunch of meta information.

The jump tables are described in the next section @dots{}

Words in the data block are grouped based on the soundslike.  Each
group is as follows:

@example
<8 bit: offset to next item><8 bit: soundslike size><soundslike>
<null><words>
@end example

@noindent
 Each word group is as follows: 

@example
<8 bit: flags><8 bit: offset to next word><8 bit: word size><word><null>
[<affix info><null>]
@end example

The offset for the final word in each group points to the next word in
the following group.  The offset for the final word and soundslike
group in the dictionary is 0.

There is some provisions for additional info to be stored with the word
but for simplicity, it's left out here.  If soundslike data is not used
then the soundslike block it not used.

This format makes it easy to iterate over the data without using the
hash table.

Each soundslike group can be a maximum of about 256 bytes.  If this
limit is reached then the soundslike group is split. Using 2 bytes for
the soundslike offset would of solved this problem however 256 bytes
is normally sufficient, thus I would of wasted some space by using an
extra byte.  More importantly, Using 2 bytes means I would of had to
worry about alignment issues.

The soundslike groups are sorted in more or less alphabetic order.

The hash table is a simple open address hash table.  The key is the
dictionary word in all lowercase form with all accents removed (what is
known as the "clean" form of the word).  The value stored in the table
is a 32-bit offset to the beginning of the word.  A 32-bit integer
offset is used rather than a pointer so that the compiled dictionary
can be mmaped to make loading the dictionary very fast and so that the
memory can be shared between processed, and on 64 bit platforms using
pointers would have doubled the size of the hash table.

Additional information for each word can be derived from each offset:

@example
word size: offset - 1
offset to next word: offset - 2
flags: offset - 3
@end example

I use helper functions for getting this information.  Doing it this way
rather than having a data structure is slightly evil, but admittedly,
I have my reasons.

In the next section, you will see how Aspell uses the jump tables to
search the list for @emph{soundslike} with @emph{edit-distance} of 1 or 2.

@node Part 2 - Quickly Finding Similar Soundslike, Part 3, Part 1 - Compiled Dictionary Format, How It All Works
@section Part 2 - Quickly Finding Similar Soundslike

In order for Aspell to find suggestions for a misspelled word Aspell 1)
creates a list of candidate words, 2) scores them, and 3) returns the most
likely candidates.  One of the ways Aspell finds candidate words is to look
for all words with a soundslike which is of a small edit distance from the
soundslike of the original word.  The edit distance is the total number of
deletions, insertions, exchanges, or adjacent swaps needed to make one
string equivalent to the other. The exact distance chosen is either 1 or 2
depending on a number of factors.  In this part I will focus on how Aspell
find all such soundslike efficiently and how the jump tables play a key
role.

This section will focus on how Aspell finds all such soundslike
efficiently and how the jump tables play a key role.

The naive way to scan the list for all possible soundslike is to
compute the edit-distance of every soundslike in the dictionary and
then keep the ones within the threshold.  This is exactly what Aspell
did prior to 0.60. before a faster method was created.  When a fast
enough edit distance function is used this method turns out not to be
unbearably slow, at least for English, but for other languages, with
large word lists and no soundslike, this can be slow due to the number
of items that need to be scanned.

Aspell uses a special edit distance function which gives up if the
distance is larger than the threshold, thus making it very fast.  The
basic algorithm is as follows:

@example
limit_edit_distance(A,B,limit) = ed(A,B,0)
  where ed(A,B,d) = d                              if A & B is empty.
                  = infinity                       if d > limit
                  = ed(A[2..],B[2..], d)           if A[1] == B[1]
                  = min ( ed(A[2..],B[2..], d+1),
                          ed(A,     B[2..], d+1),
                          ed(A[2..],B,      d+1) ) otherwise
@end example

However the algorithm used also allows for swaps and is not recursive.
Specialized versions are provided for an edit distance of one and two.
The running time is asymptotically bounded above by @code{(3^l)*n}
where @code{l} is the limit and @code{n} is the maximum of
@code{strlen(A),strlen(B)}.  Based on informal tests, the @code{n}
does not really matter and the running time is more like @code{(3^l)}.

For complete details on this algorithm see the files
@file{leditdist.hpp} and @file{leditdist.cpp} in the source
distribution under @file{modules/speller/default}.

So, by exploiting the properties of @code{limit_edit_distance} it is
possible to avoid having to look at many of the soundslikes in the
dictionary.  @code{Limit_edit_distance} is efficient because in many
cases, it does not have to look at the entire word before it can
determine that it isn't within the given threshold, and then by having
it return the last position looked at, @emph{p}, it is possible to
avoid having to look at similar soundslike which are not within the
threshold.  That is, if two soundslike are the same up to the position
@code{p}, then neither of them are within the given threshold.

Aspell 0.60 exploits this property by using jump tables.  Each entry
in the jump table contains two fields: the first @code{N} letters of a
soundslike, and an offset.  The entries are sorted in lexicographic
order based on the raw byte value.  Aspell maintains two jump tables.

The first table contains the first 2 letters of a soundslike and the
offset points into the second jump table.

The second table contains the first 3 letters of a soundslike where
the offset points to the location of the soundslike in the data block.
The soundslike in the datablock are sorted so that a linear scan can
be used to find all soundslike with the same prefix.  If the
@code{limit_edit_distance} stops before reaching the end of a
@emph{"soundslike"} in one of the jump tables then it is possible to
skip all the soundslike in the data block with the same prefix.

Thus, the scan for all @emph{soundslike} within a given edit distance
goes something like this:

@enumerate

@item
Compare the entry in the first jump table using
@code{limit_edit_distance}.  If the @code{limit_edit_distance} scanned
passed the end of the word, then go to the first entry in the second
jump table with the same prefix, otherwise go to the next entry in the
first jump table and repeat.

@item
Compare the entry in the second jump table.  If the
@code{limit_edit_distance}  passed the end of the word, then go to the
first @emph{soundslike} in the data block with this prefix, otherwise
if the first two letters of the next entry are the same as the current
one go to it and repeat.  If the first two letters are not the same
then go to the next entry in the first jump table and repeat step 1.

@item
Compare the @emph{soundslike} in the data block.  If the edit
distance is within the target distance, then add the word to the
candidate list, otherwise don't.  Let @code{N} be the position where
@code{limit_edit_distance} stopped, (starting at 0).  If @code{N} is
less than 6, then skip over any soundslike that have the same first
@code{N + 1} letters.  If after skipping over any similar
@emph{soundslike} the next @emph{soundslike} does not have the same
first three letters, then go to the next entry in the second jump table
and repeat step 2, otherwise repeat this step with the next
@emph{soundslike}.

@end enumerate

The part of skipping over @emph{soundslike} with the first @code{N + 1}
letters in step 3 were added in Aspell 0.60.3.  The function
responsible for most of this is found in function
@code{ReadOnlyDict::SoundslikeElements::next} which is found in file
@file{readonly_ws.cpp}.

The next part will describe how Aspell deals with @emph{soundslike}
lookup when affix compression is involved.

@node Part 3, Copying, Part 2 - Quickly Finding Similar Soundslike, How It All Works
@section Part 3

Not written yet.

@node Copying,  , Part 3, Top
@appendix Copying

Copyright @copyright{} 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 Kevin Atkinson.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts.  A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

@menu
* GNU Free Documentation License::
@end menu

@include fdl.texi


@c @node Index,  , Copying, Top
@c @unnumbered Index

@c @printindex cp

@bye

